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Format for Comments:
• Day and Date (Monday, 8/20)
• Who is posting & Class period (K. Mc Carron, 7)
• Topic (Constitution)
• Chapter and Textbook Pages if Applicable
• Work/Assignments Collected
• Materials Distributed (please note specific deadlines)
• Class Activities (describe method, e.g. lecture, quiz, discussion, readings, assignments, as well as topics/content)
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The Cold War - 2
Rudder & Caldwell
Origins of the Cold War
After World War II, relations between the Soviet Union and the U.S. worsened because of the opposing communistic and capitalist governments. The Soviet was concerned with the security of their borders, while the U.S. was busy promoting economic growth through democracy and free enterprise. The decisions met upon at the Yalta Conference of 1945 regarding Poland were violated shortly after by Russia. The fear of expanding Communism led to the conflict known as the Cold War which lasted from
Yalta Conference
In February 1945, the “Big Three”, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill, met in Yalta. The most debated point was the future of Poland and it was promised that free-elections would be held there. It was decided to divide Germany amongst the Allies after their defeat. The “Declaration of a Liberated Europe” was proposed and it was later broken by the Soviet Union. The relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union deteriorated starting with the conference, which led to the Cold War.
Truman Doctrine
In 1947, President Harry S. Truman requested $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey in fighting off Communism. This was a method used to contain Communism and decrease its effect on governments. This doctrine was also an attempt to stabilize east Europe by stabilizing Greece and Turkey.
Policy of Containment
After WWII, Truman began policies of “Containment” to stop the spread of Communism. He used the Marshall Plan to help rebuilt post war Europe. He also signed the National Security Act in 1947 to restructure the military.
China, Korea, and Japan
Relations between China and the U.S. deteriorated after the Communist faction won the Civil War of 1949. The war in Korea began in 1950 with the invasion of South Korea by North Korea. This confirmed the threat of Communist expansion, and President Truman sent forces to defend South Korea. This U.S. involvement provoked the Chinese to become involved in the Korean peninsula. Japan was hesitant to become involved, but enacted a two Koreas policy that angered South Korea. The war in Korea finally ended in 1953 after an armistice was produced.
Vietnam War
After World War II France attempted to restore colonial rule in Southeast Asia. During the 1950s, the U.S. supported this movement in fear of losing this area to Communism. When France was defeated, the U.S. was left to take a more active role in supporting the government of South Vietnam. In 1961, the U.S. sent troops, and in 1965 an air war was launched on North Vietnam. Growing numbers of Americans opposed the war, and public protest mounted. In 1973, the last U.S. forces withdrew, leaving South Vietnam to fall in 1975 to the North Vietnam forces.
Kennedy
The Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crises were the dealings in Cuba during Kennedy’s presidency. Like his predecessor, Kennedy continued with the policies of containment. He sought to contain the spread of Communism in Latin America with the alliance of progress. He also created the peace corps to help spread international aid and good will. During Kennedy’s presidency, he also increased the number of troops in Vietnam and in 1963 signed the Nuclear Test Ban.
Eisenhower
Eisenhower helped create a cease-fire in the Korean War, kept pressure on the Soviet Union, and continued the arms build up by making nuclear weapons a priority. He also launched the “space race” during his presidency.
Treaty of Paris Script
In 1919 after the end of World War 1 the three allied commanders have arrived in Paris to talk what to do with Germany. At the lead you have Clemenceau of Paris, Lloyd of Britain, and Wilson of the United States. Among these three commanders were the many of country leaders (except the leaders of Germany and Russia) and the variosu reporters.
Clemenceau: Today we have come to discuss the fault of the war.
Wilson: Umm the Germans seem to be at fault.
Lloyd: I agree.
Clemenceau: It seems that these Germans and the need to fight attitude has brought the destruction of Europe. It does seem the only logical approach to blame them.
Wilson: Yes, they did attack the passenger ship and killed many Americans, which even caused are involvement.
Clemenceau: Yes the dirty Germans have caused great suffering and shall get theirs like they gave us in 1871.
Well, well how should dissemble the German empire.
Clemenceau: We shall put a stop to their arm buildups and take away all their military aide and devices.
Wilson: I want there be no more secret treaties and pacts.
Lloyd: I want them to repay the debt.
We find out that in the end Germany gets the shaft due to everyone being against them.
Jake Burch
The New Era - 1920s
David Kay, Anne Pfund, and Ishi Singh, Period 2
It is a time of anxious peace. The Germans have been defeated in the Great War, but everyone knows that the world will never be the same; however, the U.S. is going to undergo some of the greatest changes of the 20th century, in all aspects of the country, including economics, politics, the rise and reaction to modernism, and the ongoing fight for women’s and African American rights…
After the war, there was a recession in 1920 due to the cancellation of government war contracts due to the lack of a war and also because of the many unemployed veterans returning home, the country just didn’t need bullets anymore.
However, in 1922, an industrial boom happened, increasing the GNP (Gross National Product) by 43%, and reducing the unemployment rate down to a measly 3%.
The automobile industry jumpstarted the economy by stimulating the rubber, oil, and steel industries, which in turn stimulated pretty much everything else.
Also, there was a huge wave of gadgetry that flooded American homes. For example, the refrigerator, electric shaver, fans, radios, and many other items we just had to have. These were advertised by the radio, newspapers, and billboards.
But, with the huge rush of all this capital, the top industrialists decided to push some of it beyond the U.S. border, for example with many meatpacking plants opening in South America, this helped to bring more products to more places.
However, all of this industry led to a dramatic decrease in the agricultural population, shifting the “backbone” of the American population off farms after 1920.
But who was behind all this economic development? This decade’s executive branch was headed by all Republican Party presidents. In 1920, Warren G. Harding, promising “Normalcy” was elected America’s 29th president, and named many good and many bad cabinet members one of the good choices being Herbert Hoover, and his economic policies helped pull America from the recession, and kept the world from getting into war again with the Naval Arms Conference of 1921.
But on August 2, 1923, he had a heart attack and died, having Vice President Calvin Coolidge succeed him as president.
After Harding kicked the normalcy bucket, a huge explosion of exposed scandals of many members of the cabinet occurred, and these were investigated by the senate; being named the Teapot Dome and this was in a way, America’s first Watergate.
Calvin Coolidge, who was elected president in 1924 after his completion of Harding’s term, and held the belief that the government should not help other groups, in order to keep corporations’ interests, and vetoed bills that would help farmers and also a bill to regulate child labor more; his resolve was tested in 1927 when a flood destroyed much of Mississippi, but he refused to help, until in 1928 when he signed the Flood Control Act, giving $325 million to rebuild the levees and provide some relief. Coolidge also believed in high tariffs to protect big business.
After Coolidge’s terms, Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928, and did not like cutthroat business and economics, encouraging instead cooperation in capitalism, but the government should not have to do it, that the companies should volunteer themselves, but he set up the Federal Farm Board to assist farmers, and ironically it was set up before the stock crash.
In the 1920s, the Republican economic policies allowed for a boom in the economy and production of American goods, turning America into a consumer nation.
Both women and Negroes fought for more equal rights during the 1920’s. With the now legal suffrage of women, potential candidates had to appeal to women as well as men. Women were slowly encroaching on the male scene of business, but sexist companies and views of the what women should do kept them from climbing the ladder; instead, they were stuck as secretaries and lower wages for equal jobs.
Garvey Movement:
“In a world where black is despised, he taught his followers that black is beautiful.” He organized some four million members. He created the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Black Star Line Company, which shipped Negroes from America to Africa and the West Indies. His goal for the 400,000,000 Negroes to master the world was through uniting all Negroes worldwide to the cause; forming a triangular steamship line; the creation of a Negro super-government to rule over all negroes, like the Pope does the Catholic church. The national flag of the meeting in Manhattan, from which a Declaration of Negro Rights and a Constitution of Negro Liberty were created, was colored black, red and green. He was actually a scheming fraud; he continued to sell passage to Africa even when his ships had sunk and was later arrested and many accused him of being a KKK sympathizer.
Women in Politics:
The Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote. In Nashville, Tennessee, those opposed to the ratification of the Amendment wore red roses, while those in favor wore yellow. The League of Women Voters, created by Carrie Chapman Catt, influenced major-party campaigns with their proposed improvements, like moving polling places from salons and “man places” to churches and schools. Politics were shifting, just barely, from an all male pursuit as the Nineteenth Amendment was passed. The Women’s Joint Congressional Committee lobbied for the protection of women workers, federal support for education, and child labor laws. It supported the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 that funded prenatal and child-care centers staffed with public-health nurses. The child labor laws were struck down in 1922, and the women’s protection laws a year later. The Shepard-Towner Act expired in 1929, and was deemed as a threat to the physicians’ monopoly of health business by the American Medical Association. An equal-rights campaign, suggested by Alice Paul’s National Women’s party was argued against as it could endanger the gender-based laws that protected women workers.
Women in Economics:
Women did not have many options in the 1920’s. They were the victims of wage discrimination. In 1929 a women in a meat-packaging plant received $0.37 an hour, while a male working the same job received $0.52 an hour. Women found work as secretaries, typists, or filing clerks, but few ever reached management level and offices were arranged dividing the male managers and female clerks. Many worked as nurses, librarians, or teachers. The number of female doctors declined as medical schools placed a 5% quota on the admission of female students. More female high school graduates were going to college, however, and more college graduates combined marriage and work. Cosmetics (“hope in a jar”), driving, cigarettes, and new appliances made being a housewife a bit less of a burden and more of an interesting challenge. “Flapper” girls defied the older generation by wearing short shirts, “bobbed” hair, and casual use of make-up and cigarettes.
The 1920s are strongly characterized by the new culture of modernism – a general backlash against rules in the aftermath of the devastating World War I.
Science:
The 1920s were a major era for the scientific progress especially in the field of physics. Robert Goddard published his largely overlooked “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes” and even launched a small liquid-fuel rocket. His predictions of space exploration were mocked by contemporaries. In 1921, Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Nuclear physicist Arthur H. Compton won the 1927 Nobel Prize for physics too for his work on x-rays. Ernest O. Lawrence also did research on the cyclotron, or particle accelerator, which became very influential in the Manhattan Project some decades later.
Many medical discoveries were also made, making the postwar United States less susceptible to disease such as influenza which had spread easily in the filthy trenches of World War I in Europe. Great progress was also made in learning more about diphtheria, whooping cough and measles. Furthermore, Harvey Cushing of Harvard University made great reaches in the field of neurosurgery and is often referred to as the father of it.
Science was a cause for great controversy and reaction, however, as evidenced by the “Scopes Monkey” Trial in 1925 in which there a great deal of national hubbub made over the teaching of evolution in schools. Clarence Darrow defended Scopes as the aging William Jennings Bryan served as the prosecution.
Arts:
The Roaring Twenties were also referred to as the “Jazz Age” as jazz music with its focus on improvisation and influences from African music. Famous black musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Hudie Ledbetter, and Bessie Smith and Gertrude “Ma” Rainey emerged. Live performances and phonograph records especially popularized this music style. Although jazz garnered many critics who claimed that only European classical music should be acceptable, many white composers such as George Gershwin, famous for his Rhapsody in Blue, openly embraced.
For paintings, most artists turned to their country around them. Muralist Thomas Hart Benton created chaotic, colorful illusions of the cowboy era. While Edward Hopper focused on the bleakness and loneliness of urban life, others such as Joseph Stella and Georgia O’Keefe captured liveliness and optimism.
The most popular style of architecture was Art Deco with its focus on geometric patterns and symmetry. The most famous building styled this way was none other than the Chrysler Building, constructed from 1928 to 1930
Entertainment:
In 1926, General Electric, Westinghouse, and the Radio Corporation of America got together to form the first radio network, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). The Columbia Broadcasting Company (CBS) followed a year later. Radio programming with its music, news and sports broadcasts appealed vastly to the American public. Radio also provided new opportunities for advertisements from large companies.
With the opening of large, extravagant theaters, movies reached all classes as opposed to the past’s rowdy nickelodeons. The Jazz Singer which came out in 1927 was the first movie with short segments of dialogue. Common genres were comedy, western, and romance. Film stars such as Charlie Chaplin were idolized by the public. As for animation, Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse debuted in 1928 in the short Steamboat Willy. Like radio, the movie industry became standardized by companies such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Brothers.
World War 1 Map (1914-1918)
The Map of the European Continent and the “current” territorial and national boundaries before the start of WWI are shown here. As The image progresses, Germany’s national boundaries exceed its normal size, engulfing parts of the eastern and western outer-most borders.
American Neutrality
America felt itself outside of European affairs. In the homeland, life went on normally despite the carnage overseas. Much Pacifism and rejection towards Europe was felt during this time period.
Great War Home and Abroad
Diaries and journals were the main source of first-hand accounts on situations and events that occurred, because recordings were scarce and at times unavailable to the public.
U.S. Congress and the Declaration of War
At first the United States was reluctant to throw its hat into the ugly ring of fire that was the First World War But here, the U.S. Congress, after wide approval by the populace, decided to do something about the un restricted warfare Germany was attempting.
Sinking of the Lusitania
One of the underlying factors for the involvement of the United States in the war, the loss of American lives aboard the passenger liner due to the unrestricted “submarine” warfare that Germany was implementing that caused the loss of neutral and innocent lives that angered the U.S.
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